It should now be apparent that position fixing simply involves the measurement of angles and distance. However, all measurements, no matter how carefully executed, will contain error, and so the true value of a measurement is never known. It follows from this that if the true value is never known, the true error can never be known and the position of a point known only within certain error bounds.
The sources of error fall into three broad categories, namely: 1 Natural errors caused by variation in or adverse weather conditions, refraction, gravity effects, etc. Any and all measurement processes will contain errors. In the case of levelling, these errors will be 1 instrumental, 2 observational and 3 natural. Your email address will not be published.
Table of Contents. Vernier Theodolite. Surveying Compass. Auto Level. Total Station. Related Books. Step-1 : Read the Book Name and author Name thoroughly. Step-4 : Click the Download link provided below to save your material in your local drive.
LearnEngineering team try to Helping the students and others who cannot afford buying books is our aim. For any quarries, Disclaimer are requested to kindly contact us , We assured you we will do our best. Thank you. The book comprises of new chapters on digital image processing and analysis, remote sensing process, line scanners and image sensors, and Galileo system. In addition, the book has several solved examples, figures, and multiple-choice questions for thorough revision and practice.
This book is essential for professionals and students in civil engineering. Duggal is an Indian author and educationist. His research interests include topics like earthquake engineering, Ferro cement, and reliability. You can download Surveying : Volume 1 By S. We always try to provide you the best download experience by using Google Drive links and other fast alternatives.
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